2013, Year of Biggest Digital Threats

First, wish all of people, Happy New Year, hope that we will get the revolutionary changes in all of technology sectors. Running by the new year we will faced some digital threats in technology. Surfing Web, engage in social networking, using cloud storage or carrying a smartphone, there are some things we should to know to be prepared for 2013.


Rising up Mobile Malware :

In the era of digitalization each person is like to using a smartphones for every communication, finance, and business needs, criminals also have begun to focus on victimizing mobile users. It's began in 2012 and expected to reach greater heights in 2013.

"Toll Fraud," one of fast-growing scam, called  the malware that uses the payoff SMS or messaging service of a victim's phone to place huge charges on the victim's bill, and for that mobile phone users notice the invalid charge, the scammer has likely already made off with the cash. In 2012, mobile security firm Lookout, said that, 72 percent of the malware are detected, was Toll Fraud, which is the highest of toll fraud. Regular checking of phone bill is appear to be invalid charges and a way to guard against fraud. Always alert your provider immediately noticing of unexpected decreasing of phone balance.

The other red flag for mobile users in 2013 is the increasing wideness of mobile spam. It's comes from the text messages by unknown senders, also by emails or any other communication way by smartphone. people should treat their smartphone just as they would their computer, and never click on links or emails from names they don't identify. Coming SMS from unknown numbers they shouldn't reply while it's so innocent to look and obviously never give their private information on-the-go unless they are 100 percent certain of the recipient.

  
PC is in hostage by Ransomware :

Ransomware is a common process, it's just a type of malware that literally holds people data hostage, it forced people to pay in order to restore control over ones PC. The working way of ransomware is locking ones pc, removing all ability to perform even basic tasks.

It has different versions, with some variants producing fake error messages telling that one need to pay for a specific piece of software in order to "clean" ones computer. One version even claims that the Windows operating system on your PC is invalid, demanding that you fork over cash for a new version. These are total farces designed to get you to pay for your own data.

"To avoid ransomware the best way is to make sure that ones computer is running the most current version of your operating system and has updated antivirus software, like "Robert Siciliano of digital security company McAfee. "It’s also very important not to click on links in the body of an email or visit unfamiliar websites that may contain viruses that will attempt to inject them­selves through any security vulnerabilities in your browser."


Facebook page could be attacked :
 

In the highest of popularity in social networking Facebook get the achievement. But the matter of worry is imitators who're trying to trick people with fake pages. When it comes to obtaining ones personal information without your knowledge, social networks are a gold mine for hackers. Facebook does its best to combat identity theft and privacy attacks, but that doesn't stop nefarious cybercriminals from waging an endless war on the website. If one has seen messages from friends advertising products and offering links for things like free samples, he/she has seen it firsthand.

These scams spread like a virus: When one person is infected, his or her account can infect others by unknowingly sharing links. When friends click on an infected message, the virus claims another host. In some cases, once an account is compromised, scammers can gain access to your personal information like email addresses, phone numbers and addresses.

Exercise caution when installing new apps on any social network. Be wary of fake login pages that could be used to obtain login information. The scammers are smart, and many have created fake login pages. Never respond to emails or messages from individuals claiming to be associated with the "Facebook Security Team," as they are almost certainly fake.


Changing of things , more are stay the same :

In spite of the scares and the challenges, online security is not so different from offline precautions. If you exercise common sense when browsing online and keep a close eye on links and attachments, chances are you're going to be just fine.

If you do find yourself being victimized, by either one of the scams listed above or a new threat, don't panic. Take steps to keep your identity safe and your information back up your information on an external hard drive. That way you can minimize or negate any damage that might be done.

Car Engine

The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine (ICE) the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine.

The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir

The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described.

Animation of two-stroke engine in operation, with a [[tunein which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described.
The ICE is quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in some kind of boiler. ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. While there are many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats.

Motorcycle Engine

Motorcycle engines may be two-stroke or four-stroke internal combustion engines, but other types have been used in small numbers. The engine typically drives the rear wheel. Most engines have a gearbox of two and six ratios, reverse gear is very rare. Power is sent to the driven wheel by belt, chain or shaft. In Europe, before the 1969 Honda CB750, engine capacities typically ranged from about 50 cc to 750 cc; but since then machines with capacities up to 2,300 cubic centimetres (140 cu in) Triumph Rocket 3 have become common. In the USA, motorcycles with large capacities have been common for much longer.

The first motorcycles were powered by steam engines. The earliest example is the French Michaux-Perreaux steam velocipede of 1868. This was followed by the American Roper steam velocipede of 1869, and a number of other steam powered two and three wheelers, manufactured and sold to the public on through the early 20th century.
Using frames based both on the earlier boneshaker and the later—and in many ways completely modern—safety bicycle design, these early steam motorcycles experimented with a variety of engine placement strategies, as well as transmission and options. While today nearly every motorcycle has its engine in the center of the frame, this became standard only around 1900-1910 after nearly every possible engine location was tried. The modern scooter engine arrangement arrived in the 1940s and remains the same today.

The Otto cycle gasoline internal combustion engine was first used on an experimental two-wheeler created by Gottlieb Daimler to test the practicality of such an engine in a vehicle. This motorcycle, the Daimler Reitwagen, is credited as the world's first motorcycle by many authorities, partially on the assumption that a motorcycle is defined not as any two-wheel motor vehicle, but a two-wheel internal combustion engine motor vehicle. The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, defines the word motorcycle this way. The steam cycles were also simply neglected and forgotten by many historians, even as the Michaux-Perreaux waited forty years on display in the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu.

In recent years, a surge in interest in clean energy has put many new electric powered two wheelers on the market, and they are registered as motorcycles or scooters, without the type of powerplant being an issue. Diesel motorcycles were also been experimented with briefly throughout the 20th century, and are again the subject of interest due to fuel economy and the needs of military logistics. The USMC has ordered a new diesel motorcycle, the M1030 M1, that can use the same fuel, JP-8, as the rest of their armored vehicles, aircraft, cars and trucks.

A magnifying glass (called a hand lens in laboratory contexts) is a convex lens that is used to produce a magnified image of an object. The lens is usually mounted in a frame with a handle (see image).

A sheet magnifier consists of many very narrow concentric ring-shaped lenses, such that the combination acts as a single lens but is much thinner. This arrangement is known as a Fresnel lens.
The magnifying glass is an icon of detective fiction, particularly that of Sherlock Holmes.






 The earliest evidence of "a magnifying device, a convex lens forming a magnified image" was Aristophanes's "lens", from 424 BC, a glass globe filled with water. (Seneca wrote that it could be used to read letters "no matter how small or dim") Roger Bacon described the properties of magnifying glass in 13th-century England. Eyeglasses were developed in 13th-century Italy.

The magnification of a magnifying glass depends upon where it is placed between the user's eye and the object being viewed, and the total distance between them. The magnifying power is equivalent to angular magnification (this should not be confused with optical power, which is a different quantity). The magnifying power is the ratio of the sizes of the images formed on the user's retina with and without the lens. For the "without" case, it is typically assumed that the user would bring the object as close to the eye as possible without it becoming blurry. This point, known as the near point, varies with age. In a young child it can be as close as 5 cm, while in an elderly person it may be as far as one or two metres. Magnifiers are typically characterized using a "standard" value of 0.25 m.
The highest magnifying power is obtained by putting the lens very close to the eye and moving the eye and the lens together to obtain the best focus. The object will then typically also be close to the lens. The magnifying power obtained in this condition is MP₀ = ¼Φ + 1, where Φ is the optical power in dioptres, and the factor of ¼ comes from the assumed distance to the near point (¼ m from the eye). This value of the magnifying power is the one normally used to characterize magnifiers. It is typically denoted "m×", where m = MP₀. This is sometimes called the total power of the magnifier (again, not to be confused with optical power).
Magnifiers are not always used as described above, however. It is much more comfortable to put the magnifier close to the object (one focal length away). The eye can then be a larger distance away, and a good image can be obtained very easily; the focus is not very sensitive to the eye's exact position. The magnifying power in this case is roughly MP = ¼Φ.
A typical magnifying glass might have a focal length of 25 cm, corresponding to an optical power of 4 dioptres. Such a magnifier would be sold as a "2×" magnifier. In actual use, an observer with "typical" eyes would obtain a magnifying power between 1 and 2, depending on where lens is held.
Using this principle, a magnifying glass can also be used to focus light, such as to concentrate the sun's radiation to create a hot spot at the focus.

Microscope

Microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.

There are many types of microscopes, the most common and first to be invented is the optical microscope which uses light to image the sample. Other major types of microscopes are the electron microscope (both the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and the various types of scanning probe microscope.




The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to identify. An early microscope was made in 1590 in Middelburg, Netherlands. Two eyeglass makers are variously given credit: Hans Lippershey (who developed an early telescope) and Zacharias Janssen. Giovanni Faber coined the name microscope for Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625.

• AFM, atomic force microscopy
• BEEM, ballistic electron emission microscopy
• EFM, electrostatic force microscope
• ESTM electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope
• FMM, force modulation microscopy
• KPFM, kelvin probe force microscopy
• MFM, magnetic force microscopy
• MRFM, magnetic resonance force microscopy
• NSOM, near-field scanning optical microscopy (or SNOM, scanning near-field optical microscopy)
• PFM, piezo force microscopy
• PSTM, photon scanning tunneling microscopy
• PTMS, photothermal microspectroscopy/microscopy
• SAP, scanning atom probe
• SCM, scanning capacitance microscopy
• SECM, scanning electrochemical microscopy
• SGM, scanning gate microscopy
• SICM, scanning ion-conductance microscopy
• SPSM spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy
• SThM, scanning thermal microscopy
• STM, scanning tunneling microscopy
• SVM, scanning voltage microscopy
• SHPM, scanning Hall probe microscopy
• SSM, Scanning SQUID microscope

Of these techniques AFM and STM are the most commonly used.

Telescope

Telescope is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light). The first known practical telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, using glass lenses. They found use in terrestrial applications and astronomy.

Within a few decades, the reflecting telescope was invented, which used mirrors. In the 20th century many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s.

The word telescope now refers to a wide range of instruments detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors.
The word "telescope" was coined in 1611 by the Greek mathematician Giovanni Demisiani for one of Galileo Galilei's instruments presented at a banquet at the Accademia dei Lincei. In the Starry Messenger Galileo had used the term "perspicillum".


The name "telescope" covers a wide range of instruments. Most detect electromagnetic radiation, but there are major differences in how astronomers must go about collecting light (electromagnetic radiation) in different frequency bands.
Telescopes may be classified by the wavelengths of light they detect:

• X-ray telescopes, using shorter wavelengths than ultraviolet light
• Ultraviolet telescopes, using shorter wavelengths than visible light
• Optical telescopes, using visible light
• Infrared telescopes, using longer wavelengths than visible light
• Submillimetre telescopes, using longer wavelengths than infrared light

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Details about SLR Digital Camera

Digital camera brings a revolutionary change in taking pictures, making photography common and more accessible for all. But the progress of digital cameras isn't just for small point-and-shoot cameras - all of the professional photographers use powerful Single-Lens Reflex cameras, refereed by the acronym SLR. The same principle of this digital cameras are operating digitally, and they are known as DSLR cameras.

Defination of a SLR camera :

Digital single-lens reflex camera is known as the SLR or DSLR camera. It's a highly professional camera to take photos. The reflex design process is the primary difference between a SLR and other digital cameras. In the reflex design process,  light enters the lens and is reflected upwards by a mirror into the viewfinder assembly hence the name Single Lens Reflex. When an operator looks through the viewfinder for the purpose of taking pictures, first adjusts the lens of the camera in preparation to take a shot. By pressing the shutter button, opening shutter and the mirror swings up ,  from the lens allowing the light to fall onto the film and capture the image. Since 1920 SLR cameras were introduced for professional photographers, and got popularity with all sectors of photographers levels in the 1960's.

 Function of a SLR camera :

The main function of a digital SLR is same as a film SLR camera. Light enters through the lens and is reflected into the viewfinder, allowing the user to adjust the camera and the lens before pressing the shutter button to raise the mirror and take the shot. In the other hand instead of projecting the light onto a strip of a film a digital sensor is capturing and saveing in a memory card as an image file. Photographers can take the HD pictures by the SLR, thats why it's reliable for the professional. A digital SLR camera has many advantagess, likes long lasting battery, easy settings with an LCD screen, easy to carrying, and the cameras being physically small.